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==Events== * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the Sun and writes a commentary on ''The Great Astronomer'' (''Almagest''). * 614 – King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (''Edictum Chlotacharii''), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defend the rights of the Frankish nobles while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom. * 629 – Dagobert I is crowned King of the Franks. *1009 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Church's foundations down to bedrock. *1016 – The Danes defeat the Saxons in the Battle of Assandun. *1081 – The Normans defeat the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. *1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. *1356 – Basel earthquake, the most significant historic seismological event north of the Alps, destroys the town of Basel, Switzerland. *1386 – Opening of Heidelberg University. *1540 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's forces destroy the fortified town of Mabila in present-day Alabama, killing Tuskaloosa. *1599 – Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the Army of Andrew Báthory in the Battle of Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanian people. *1648 – Boston Shoemakers form first American labor organization. *1748 – Signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession. *1775 – African-American poet Phillis Wheatley is freed from slavery. * 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine). *1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah is lifted. *1797 – Treaty of Campo Formio is signed between France and Austria *1851 – Herman Melville's ''Moby-Dick'' is first published as ''The Whale'' by Richard Bentley of London. *1860 – The Second Opium War finally ends at the Convention of Peking with the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin, an unequal treaty. *1867 – United States takes possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day. *1898 – The United States takes possession of Puerto Rico from Spain. *1912 – First Balkan War: King Peter I of Serbia issues a declaration "To the Serbian People", as his country joins the war. *1914 – The Schoenstatt Movement is founded in Germany. *1921 – The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is formed as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. *1922 – The British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) is founded by a consortium, to establish a nationwide network of radio transmitters to provide a national broadcasting service. *1929 – The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overrules the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Edwards v. Canada'' when it declares that women are considered "Persons" under Canadian law. *1944 – World War II: Soviet Union begins the liberation of Czechoslovakia from Nazi Germany. *1945 – The USSR's nuclear program receives plans for the United States plutonium bomb from Klaus Fuchs at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. * 1945 – A group of the Venezuelan Armed Forces, led by Mario Vargas, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, stages a coup d'état against president Isaías Medina Angarita, who is overthrown by the end of the day. * 1945 – Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón marries actress Eva "Evita" Duarte. *1949 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 78 is adopted. *1954 – Texas Instruments announces the first transistor radio. *1961 – the initial European Social Charter is adopted. *1964 – The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair closes for its first season after a six-month run. *1967 – The Soviet probe Venera 4 reaches Venus and becomes the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet. *1968 – The U.S. Olympic Committee suspends Tommie Smith and John Carlos for giving a "Black Power" salute during a victory ceremony at the Mexico City games. *1977 – German Autumn: a set of events revolving around the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of a Lufthansa flight by the Red Army Faction (RAF) comes to an end when Schleyer is murdered and various RAF members allegedly commit suicide. *1991 – The Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopts a declaration of independence from the Soviet Union. *2003 – Bolivian gas conflict: Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, is forced to resign and leave Bolivia. *2004 – Myanmar prime minister Khin Nyunt is ousted and placed under house arrest by the State Peace and Development Council on charges of corruption. *2007 – Karachi bombing: A suicide attack on a motorcade carrying former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto kills 139 and wounds 450 more. Bhutto herself is uninjured. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「October 18」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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